Modeling energy consumption role on the productivity of coastal community-based fishery business activities in the small islands region

Copyright© May 2021 Abstract. The geographic condition of the archipelago and the inter-regional connectivity within the Kei Islands is still minimal due to the support of infrastructure and natural conditions, causing the sustainability of coastal areabased businesses, particularly capturing fisheries and mariculture fisheries are potentially be disrupted. This research aims to analyze the factors that hamper the productivity of fishing businesses in coastal areas concerning energy consumption and availability to support the business being run. This research used the PLS method, where data were collected from February 2019 to August 2020 in 40 villages with 414 respondents. The results show that consumption has a significant and positive relationship to access and availability on fisheries business productivity. This study also shows that various flow patterns and relationship patterns between variables can affect fisheries business productivity. The implications of this result can be an input for policymakers in this region to better support and maintain the availability of energy to maintain the sustainability of the business productivity of coastal communities in this region.


I. INTRODUCTION
The geographic condition of the archipelago and the inter-regional connectivity within the Kei Islands is still minimal due to the support of infrastructure and natural conditions. The policy of centralization of development before the reformation greatly contributed to the slow spread of regional development outside the island of Java (Ritonga, 2020), including the Kei archipelago which is still being felt today . At present, the local economy in the Kei Islands' coastal areas is still very fragile before the COVID19 pandemic, and it is getting worse during the current pandemic. On average, the amount of money around Rp. 160 million per month comes from fishery activities, most of which are contributed by capture fisheries, in which if the value is divided by the total coastal population, the average money circulating each month by fishermen in this area is <IDR. 500 thousand per family per month . This condition is very concerning because considering that the waters in the Kei Islands are located in the coral triangle area, indicates high that the content of marine biodiversity in the Kei Islands in the world, which also means that the marine resources in this area are very high. Teniwut (2016) showed declining of fisheries resources in Maluku Province which include the waters of the Kei Islands, are experiencing a decreasing trend and are predicted to continue to decline for the next 8-10 years.
The potential for fisheries in this area is very abundant, and each sub-district has the potential for marine resources capable enough to be a source of income for coastal residents in the district . Even though the value of money circulating in the region is still below its potential, which is only around IDR 2 billion per year (Hamid et al., 2020). One of the contributing factors is the socio-economic character of the coastal communities of the Kei Islands. Research conducted by Rahantoknam et al. (2017) show that most fisheries business operators in the Kei Islands area have high school education and below and more drop out of school with an average age of over 40 years.
Apart from the real conditions that do not match the fishery resources and the results obtained, the role of local governments in the Kei Islands region both in Southeast Maluku Regency and Tual City is still very minimal and tends to be less targeted. Teniwut & Kabalmay (2015) found that the assistance provided to fisheries business actors was inaccurate, this was due to several things: the decisions carried out were not based on tools and data following real conditions in the field. Besides, difficult natural conditions make it challenging to collect related data to obtain appropriate data in decision making in formulating and implementing targeted policies to improve the economy of coastal communities in the Kei Islands.
The obstacles faced by fisheries business actors, including catch fishermen, and local governments in this region, are how to optimize fishery resources in this area with existing economic and social capacities. Thus, the supporting factors for the existing coastal fisheries business must be in excellent and ideal conditions. One of them is the energy supply in fuel, electricity, and other energy sources, which function as the primary support for coastal fisheries activities in this region. This research aims to carry out modeling of energy flow in small islands and coastal areas to ensure smooth supply, access, consumption, selling prices, and productivity of coastal fisheries business with a case study of the Kei Islands, Indonesia.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Supply of the energy to Accessibility and Price
The biggest challenge for each region in providing transportation support infrastructure is the area's geographical conditions, for example, in the archipelago. Many studies related to access to education, data sources, and the archipelago economy are severely constrained by geographical conditions (del Rosario & Kitada. 2020; Alejo, 2018;Sonny et al., 2015). Thus, the role of transportation infrastructure is significant to increase accessibility between regions to support all community activities. The role of accessibility is also very important in the smooth availability and supply of raw materials, including energy availability to support production activities.
The availability of the energy supply significantly affects the selling price. Ideally, more and more energy availability can produce more competitive prices for consumers (Wang & Sun, 2017). This is due to many sellers with an abundant supply of goods so that the price offered to consumers is very competitive. Prices are determined by many factors, including the number of workers, the availability of raw materials to the number of overhead costs (Sari et al., 2019), taxes, total sales, and population density (Alm et al., 2009). These factors are strongly influenced by the availability of product supply, including the sellers' availability of energy supply.
This condition illustrates the effect of access, which tends to be positive on the availability of product support materials, including energy for fishery production. Thus, the first hypothesis in the study: H1a: Better supply of energy will positively affect the accessibility of the energy for the fishery community in the Kei Islands for coastal communities. H1b: Better supply of energy will positively affect price receive by fishery community in Kei Islands for coastal communities of the energy.

Accessibility of the energy to Price and Consumption
Access to resources is a significant factor in the smoothing of a production circulation. One of the factors that play a significant role in increasing accessibility is the support of transportation infrastructure, which is also influenced by geographical conditions (Ramirez et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2019; Nilsson & Smirnov, 2016). The easier it is to access the products purchased; ideally, it can increase these products' consumption (Hildawati, 2008). Based on research conducted by Dubey et al. (2015), the agility of the supply chain will significantly affect logistics performance. Thus, based on the preliminary studies that have been carried out, the second hypothesis in this study is as follows: H2a: Better Access to energy will have a positive effect on price receive for fishery community in Kei Islands for coastal communities of the energy H2b: Better Access to energy will positively affect consumption received by the fishery community in the Kei Islands for coastal communities of the energy.

Price to Energy Consumption
The price of a product, including energy for production activities, dramatically affects the amount of energy used by entrepreneurs, which will also impact the productivity of their business. The selling price of a product is very influential Figure 1. Conceptual Framework on the level of energy consumption; ideally, the more competitive the selling price, the higher the amount consumed for production (Glanz & Hoelscher, 2004;French et al., 2001). Competitive prices will increase consumer satisfaction, which is reflected in product consumption (Ali et al., 2016;Alam et al., 2019). Thus, in general, the selling price of a product that is cheap and competitive according to the quality and the product being sold has a significant effect and tends to increase the amount of consumption of the product by consumers. Thus, the broader access to energy and competitive price tends to increase energy consumption for production.
Thus, the next hypothesis in this study are: H3: Competitive price of energy will have a positive effect on energy consumption by fishery community in Kei Islands for coastal communities.

Energy Consumption and Productivity
The higher the amount of energy consumption, the higher the level of business productivity, which can have a positive impact on regional and state economic performance (Nguyen & Ngo, 2019; Emodi & Boo, 2015; Atchike et al., 2020). The amount of energy used has a significant effect on the production and regional economy. The more the amount of energy that can be accessed and used and the number of products produced, it will tend to increase, and the productivity and consistency of production will also increase.
Thus, the fourth hypothesis in this study are as follows: H4: Energy consumption will have a positive effect on the productivity of fishery community in the Kei Islands for coastal communities.

Conceptual Framework
For archipelagic areas with challenging geographical conditions with access to transportation between regions and within minimal areas, it can significantly affect supply chain logistical flows, particularly in the Kei Islands (Teniwut, 2019). This condition impacts energy access for fishery business products in the coastal areas of the Kei Islands, where the availability of energy supply and prices also significantly affect the level of energy consumption for fisheries. Thus, to obtain an adequate level of productivity in the fisheries business, it is necessary to have sufficient energy available to provide competitive prices that can spur the amount of energy consumption for production activities (Figure 1).

III. MATERIALS AND METHOD 3.1. Data Collection
The number of research samples should be 10 to 1 or ideally a minimum of 5 to 1 according to Hair et al. (2010). Thus, the minimum number of respondents used in this study was 260 for the 26 variables used. This study used 414 respondents who were collected using a purposive sampling data collection technique in which we have respondents who are coastal communities who consistently do fisheries business in the Kei Islands. A structured questionnaire was used to collect research data collected from May 2019 to September 2020. This study used selfadministered questionnaires for data collection (Yap et al., 2012). Which of 450 questionnaires, only 414 were used for data analysis. The questionnaire in this study was modified and developed independently by the research team to suit the conditions in the field.

Data Analysis
For data analysis (Table 1) (Hair et al., 2012). PLS-SEM has advantages and is good for exploring and developing theoretical models and can also be used to verify causal relationships that have been explored (Ringle et al., 2005).

IV. RESULTS
The respondents' characteristics in this study can be seen in table 1. 99% of the respondents in this study were male, with an age of more than 50% at 30 years to 50 years. Furthermore, the respondents' education level in this study was high school, as much as 42.3% and as many as 31.9% did not have formal education. Most of our respondents are catch fishermen as much as 94.9% with the largest income per month is as much as under 1 million IDR as much as 54.1%. For testing the fit model we refer to the composite reliability (CR) greater than 0.7 based on Gefen et al. (2000) and the average variance extracted (AVE) is greater than 0.5 based on Fornell & Lacker, (1981) (Jannoo et al., 2014). Where the results of the fit model in this study are shown in Table 2. that all the constructs in this study have a value of CR> 0.7 and AVE> 0.5, so it can be concluded that the model in this study is suitable for analysis. We also tested the discriminant validity of the constructs we used, where it appears that the correlations for each construct is less than the square root of the average variance extracted by the indicators measuring that construct indicating  The results of hypothesis testing in this study can be seen in Table 4 and in Figure 2, where R squared value for each construct is 0.719 for accessibility, 0.570 for consumption, 0.719 for the price, and 0.636 for productivity. It can also be seen in Table 4 and illustrated in Figure 2 that all hypotheses are accepted because they have a pvalue <0.05. To support the analysis, we also measure the indirect relationship between the variables shown in Table 5. In this table, it can be seen that supply does not have a significant effect on consumption and production through prices but must be through access.

V. DISCUSSION
Based on the results of the study, it was found that with the current geographical conditions in the Kei Islands, where 90% of the people live in coastal areas with access to land transportation that is still not evenly distributed to all villages in this region, this condition greatly affects the supply of production support logistics, including in this is the supply of energy in the form of fuel for both raw materials for ships and electricity. As mentioned by Mason  In more detail, this study's results also show that access for coastal communities to energy is a significant factor in increasing fishery production in this region. It can be seen that although the availability and supply of energy for production are abundant in this region, it cannot directly affect product performance. This is due to geographical conditions that make it difficult for coastal communities in most areas of the Kei Islands to access existing energy supplies. This result suppoted by study from (Hildawati, 2008) where access playing important role for smoothing supply and distribution process. The ease of accessing energy for fishery production activities in this region needs to get substantial attention to increasing the coastal community fisheries business's productivity.

VI. CONCLUSSION
This study has succeeded in describing the real conditions in the field and confirming the postulate where access is a critical factor in increasing business productivity, including fisheries. The availability of energy will not directly impact productivity, so that the available energy must also be easily accessible to users. Easy and smooth access can also affect the selling price of this energy to increase the user's ability to buy and use this energy for production activities.
The archipelago condition with high transportation costs, the government's role is critical in ensuring easy access for coastal communities, especially on the island of Kei Besar and the Kur Tam Tayando Islands (KTT). This is important in supporting the productivity of fishery businesses carried out by local communities. The regional government can create a clustering area to facilitate access to energy to support production activities, especially related to electricity use to support fishery production inventory. This study's results also provide a significant contribution to the field study regarding the role of access to productivity, particularly in energy access in the archipelago. This study's results can also be used as input for related stakeholders around the world in ensuring the availability of production raw materials, especially to pay more attention to the accessibility of energy to users. This result can also serve as a framework for developing an archipelago region where the supply factor must be followed by promising better access to achieve optimal productivity. This study has limitations on the type of location and respondent where further research is in increasing the respondents' complexity and the location of the area.